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Many militaries across the world allow LGB personnel to serve openly. In 1974, the Netherlands was the first country to impose a policy that explicitly permits LGB people to serve in the military.〔Joshua Polchar et al., "LGBT Military Personnel; A Strategic Vision for Inclusion" ''The Hague, the Netherlands: The Hague Centre for Strategic Studies'' (2014) (online )〕 However, although many countries no longer exclude service on grounds of sexual orientation, there are still many countries that will exclude service on the grounds of gender identity. In a recent study by the Hague Centre for Strategic Studies,〔(LGBT Military Personnel: A Strategic Vision for Inclusion (Online) )〕 of the 103 countries studied, 18 countries allow transgender military personnel, and a further nine countries might allow transgender personnel (but this could not be confirmed by the study).〔Elders et al, "Medical Aspects of Transgender Military Service"'' Armed Forces & Society'' (2014) vol. 41 no. 2 pp 199-220 (online )〕 The 18 countries confirmed as allowing transgender people to openly serve in their militaries are: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bolivia, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Israel, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. Generally speaking, Western militaries show a greater tendency toward inclusion of LGBT individuals;〔 however, some countries still expressly exclude transgender people. For example, the United States military prevented members from openly serving as LGBT with the Don't ask, Don't tell policy: the Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010 officially ended the discriminatory exclusion of the LGB community in the military, exclusion policies against transgender people remain in force. == Arguments against including transgender people in the military == There are arguments against the inclusion of transgender people in military service based on the view that transgenderism is a mental illness, and as such transgender individuals are unfit for service.〔 This argument follows a high incidence of depression and suicide manifest in transgender individuals. This is especially pertinent in post sex-reassignment surgery individuals who are unsatisfied with the results, in such cases severe depression is prevalent.〔Clements T.I., Wicks R.E.,"Transsexualism and Flight Safety" ''Aerospace Medicine Branch Education'' USAF School of Aerospace Medicine, Brooks Air Force Base, Texas (online )〕 Hormone therapy can affect mood and a sense of wellbeing, a factor that counts against inclusion of transgender people and its effect on service capability.〔 Besides the wellbeing argument of hormone treatment, complications may arise due to hormone treatments. Possible complications arising from oestrogen and testosterone therapies include an increased risk of thromboembolic disease, myocardial infarction, breast cancer, fertility problems, stroke, heart attack, abnormal liver function, renal disease, endometrial cancer, and osteoporosis.〔Major Bunn S.A., ''Straight talk: The implications of repealing "Don't ask, Don't tell" and the rationale for preserving aspects of the current policy'' 203 MIL. L Rev. 207, 236 (2010) (online )〕 Any of these could cause significant issues to effective military service, especially when deployed in remote areas or in field training settings. It follows that in order for an effective smooth running military there must be cohesion within the unit. This argument follows that transgender individuals would have negative impacts on cohesion. "The bonds of trust among individual service members" are vital.〔Kaplan D., Rosenmann A, ''Unit social cohesion in the Israeli military as a case study of "Don't Ask, Don't Tell,'' 33 Pol. Psychol. 419, 422 (2012)l〕 There is a fear that if transgender personnel be allowed to serve openly, morale will be detrimentally affected. This begs the question, what structural accommodations might be needed to maintain morale and unit cohesion. Military service forces members into very intimate living quarters. Requiring members to live in situations that make them feel disconcerted and uncomfortable may result in their performance being undermined.〔〔 The logistics of accommodating a group of individuals with such varying degrees of gender representation would be staggering. The costs alone of allowing transgender people to serve counts heavily against inclusion. Not only logistical and structurally, but also in medical costs. It is estimated that a male to female transition can cost between $7,000USD - $24,000USD; female to male transition can exceed $50,000USD.〔''(Sex Reassignment Surgery )'' Encyclopaedia of Surgery, Retrieved 2015-04-27〕 Which, depending on policy, the military may have to fund. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Transgender people and military service」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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